BTO Young Birders
Friday 13 December 2019
This blog is now closed
We have now moved the BTO Young Birders' Blog onto the BTO website. You can find all new blogs at www.bto.org/blog and stay up-to-date with our work. This blog is now an archive only, and we thank everyone who has participated to it so far. If you are interested in writing a Young Birders' Blog for BTO, please email socialmedia@bto.org.
Friday 8 November 2019
Nocmig: A beginner's guide
I find bird migration fascinating and, despite being based well away from the coast, I have developed a particular interest in trying to observe this intriguing natural phenomenon. It is amazing what you can see and hear in one given place as you wait for the migrating birds to come to you. ‘Vismig’ (visible bird migration), sometimes called sky-watching, involves observing overhead diurnal migration and can be carried out from any particular location with a good view of the sky (I watch from my back garden). In peak autumn season this can produce the spectacular scene of thousands of birds passing over in a short period of time, as well as the chance of spotting scarce and rare species which wouldn’t ordinarily be seen in that location.
However, this spectacle is not just limited
to these day time migrants as many birds are in fact nocturnal migrants. This is
particularly evident on the coast when an overnight ‘fall’ has produced trees
dripping with Goldcrests and bushes full of ticking Robins and Song Thrushes,
when there had seemingly been few the previous day. I had long been aware of
nocturnal migration, and similar to most birders regularly heard the ‘tseeping’
Redwing calls at night every autumn. But what else is up there in the dark and how
can this ‘nocmig’ be observed?
Nocturnal flight call (NFC) recording first
became popular with birders in the USA; largely as a greater number of American
passerine species produce nocturnal calls than their counterparts on this side
of the pond. Nevertheless in recent years the detection method has grown a
strong following among European birders. The process involves the use of
sound-recording equipment to capture the flight calls of migrating birds, then detecting
and identifying the call signatures using computer software. Migrating birds
will often fly over the British Isles on a broad front and therefore you really
do not need to live on the coast or on a migration flyway to give nocmig a go.
There is the potential to record many different and perhaps unusual species for
your given location. To illustrate this point, from my own recording location
in Cambridge (pretty much as far inland as you can get in the UK) I have
recorded Common Scoters, Pink-footed Geese and Sandwich Terns on multiple occasions;
all of which are coastal species which are very rarely seen locally to me.
Freshly arrived migrants: Redwing and Song Thrush are very common nocturnal migrants particularly in Autumn. |
To start recording you will need to make a small investment in some sound-recording equipment. Essentially you will need a microphone and a device that saves the sounds which are recorded. This could simply be a mobile phone or a portable sound recorder (with inbuilt microphone). You will also need a computer and a pair of headphones to analyse your recordings. The team at the Nocmig website have produced a comprehensive comparison list of recording equipment, which details the advantages and disadvantages of each setup. My personal choice was to purchase a sound recorder (£100) with an additional microphone (£50) to improve the quality of my recordings. This setup has the particular advantage of being portable and therefore has dual use: I can take the equipment out with me when I’m birding to record other natural sound types.
When you have equipment ready, it’s time to
wait for nightfall and start recording! Here are a few simple steps to follow:
1. Check the weather forecast
for appropriate conditions to record.
Windy nights will create
‘noisy’ recordings where bird calls are difficult to distinguish, and wet
nights will risk damage to your equipment. The best conditions for nocmig are
generally considered to be cloudy (which encourages the birds to fly lower) and
calm. A change in wind direction is also thought to be a good cue for the onset
of migration.
2. Position your recording
equipment in an exposed position, away from overhanging branches.
Overhanging objects may
obscure the calls as well as cause unwanted background noise. You may also wish
to orientate your recording equipment to face a particular direction, away from
a noisy road or towards the anticipated flight path of migrants. Remember that
you are leaving your equipment outside and unattended, so make sure it is in a
safe and secure location.
3. Press record and leave the
equipment to run overnight.
It is so easy to
forget or improperly press record before you leave your equipment (I have made
this mistake numerous times)! It is also worth double-checking the recorder’s
batteries are fully charged.
4. The following day download
the sound files created by the sound recorder overnight onto your computer.
Sound files are often
quite hefty so you may need to manage storage space on your device and keep on
top of files from previous nights recordings.
5. Using a free software
package called Audacity, open the sound files in spectrogram format.
The spectrogram (also
called a sonograph) produces a visual representation of the recorded sound and
allows you to pick out interesting noises among the background sound. There is
some further info on how to configure Audacity and process the spectrogram on
the Nocmig website.
6. Now the fun bit! Scroll
through the spectrogram generated by the sound recordings looking for any call
signatures from last night’s migrating birds.
Identifying bird
calls in the spectrogram against the various other obscure night time noises (barking
dogs, squealing tyres, police sirens, fireworks) will take some practice. Also
don’t be discouraged if you cannot identify every call – many will be too
distant, distorted or unclear to successfully identify. Make sure to use
resources such as the excellent xeno-canto
website to compare your recordings with those made by other recordists.
Nocmig can appeal to birders of all disciplines; whether you’re aiming to add to your garden list, track migration or sharpen your bird call ID skills. It is also perfect for young birders as it can be carried out easily from home and also provides an opportunity to practically learn a variety of (not always common) bird calls – knowledge which will become invaluable in the field.
With perseverance, especially in the spring
and autumn peaks of migration, you will be amazed with the diversity of species
passing over. Sure, common species like Redwing, Song Thrush and Blackbird can
be expected, but what about waders such as Green Sandpiper, Redshank, Whimbrel
and water birds like Water Rail and Little Grebe? Yep, they’re up there and not
uncommon, even over urban locations well away from water courses. As with
vismig, there is always the potential for something a bit rarer, so keep an
open mind to the possibilities and with persistence you may be rewarded.
Are there Whimbrel flying over your house at night? You’ll have to give nocmig a go to find out... |
This blog was written by Jonathan Heath. Jon is a Cambridgeshire-based naturalist and patch birder, who has recently completed a degree in Natural Sciences. He has a strong interest in bird migration and has, over the last few years, started to sound-record nocturnally migrating birds from his urban garden– contributing to a garden list of 128 bird species. You can follow him on Twitter.
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